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¡á Proposed Legislation on the Secured Transactions in Reliance on the Corporate Movables and Account Receivables

Recently the harsh regulations of the Korean government on commercial lending to the acquisition of apartments and houses, and the impending Basel Accord II on prudential requirements forced the Korean banks to diversify collateral from real estate to machinery, equipment, inventories and account receivables. In order to promote and facilitate business activities, the government is allegedly pursuing a new collateral system which makes use of personal and non-real estate properties possessed by business entities. In view of the same kind of collateral system employed by the United States and Japan, the electronic filing system seems to be inevitable in Korea.
It is because small and medium-sized companies are factually restricted from borrowing money by granting personal properties as collateral to the banks. They are required to deliver those movables or transfer their title on a fiduciary basis to creditors. And the banks are reluctant to take movables as collateral owing to the expected sharp depreciation of their value and the possibility of loss and theft.

The solution could be sought from the state-of-the art information technologies. Under the current laws, factory machinery and equipment can be provided to creditors as collateral only if they are listed on the mortgage registration of the factory site or building (Factory Mortgage Act Art. 7 Para. 1). The inventory in a specified warehouse can be granted as collateral by means of the collective fiduciary transfer of title. Accordingly the creditors hesitate to fully assess the value of such collateral. A civil law country does not recognize the floating charge over the whole corporate assets as provided for in UCC Article 9. Therefore, a company has a very limited scope of secured transactions insofar as the corporate movables are treated as if they are one item under the Factory Mortgage Act, or transferred collectively on a fiduciary basis in a specified location.
Then what is the technological breakthrough in this kind of secured transactions? The answer is radio frequency identification or RFID, which is increasingly used in marketing and logistic industries. The RFID tag is a kingpin in ubiquitous computing and ubiquitous sensor networks. As we can read and write in a RFID tag, this tiny tag enables each movable item to be electronically specified and notified individually to the public.

As a result, the RFID tag, whose data will be electronically filed with the official registry, makes it possible for a debtor to possess and use the movables even though they are already granted as collateral. Such a non-possessory security interest is like the mortgage on real estate. This new type of security interest is well coordinated with, and adapted to, the conventional collateral systems. RFID tags are attached to or embedded in movables on a selective basis only if the debtor possessor wants them to be granted as collateral. If the debtor removes them or stops the function of RFID tags on the personal property, it will be treated in the conventional manner.

Here we have an important question. That is we can take corporate movables as collateral simply by means of electronic registration without relying on technologically immature and relatively expensive RFID tags. In fact, more technologically perfect and cost-saving RFID-related products are badly needed since RFID is getting widely used in the early 2000s. The United States, Japan and other countries have never adopted such RFID technologies in administering their personal property collateral systems.

However, the first and foremost benefit related with RFID registration is that we can specify the movable collateral and notify the presence of prior security interests thereon to the public. If we could not enjoy such benefit, we have to pay a handsome amount of fees or losses in search of the similarly described collateral on the electronic registry, or for the redemption of lost collateral. As for creditor banks, which used to extend large loans secured by machinery, equipment and inventories, the difficulties and problems concerning the possibility of commingling and confusion, loss or theft of collateral remain intact unsolved. In terms of law economics, the cost-benefit analysis is beyond our expectations.
Other benefits of RFID tags would be enormous when they could create a useful database of collateral assets which should be ultimately disposed at a reasonable price to satisfy the creditors. For example, at the sale of collateral assets including machinery and equipment, detailed information and traceable records of those items could invite a number of buyers to the auction. Furthermore, RFID technologies might be advanced while being adopted to the new collateral system, and it will create big markets for such a new technology as well as RFID-related industries and businesses. Once the system turns out successful, it is also expected that more and more foreign countries are interested in the new collateral system along with computer hardwares and softwares, and skillful operators from Korea.

In a filing process, some RFID tags should be prepared for a specified property with a certain data with respect to the property name, model number, manufacturer, make of year and other specifications, debtor's name and registered address, creditor's name and address, and types of claim to be secured. These data could be automatically conveyed to the electronic registry when a filing officer makes additional records including the registration serial number, and date and time of registration after examining the data stored in the RFID tags, and likewise makes an addition to the RFID tags. It is very important that those data in the RFID tags and in the official registries are corresponding each other. So the filing officer may demand corrections and modifications of the RFID data, if necessary.

In this case, any creation and change of the security interest should be subject to the registration under the relevant law, not in existence at present. Also there will be a revolutionary change in administering collateral. So far a creditor has few effective methods to prevent any probable loss or theft of movables actually in the possession of a debtor. However, the RFID tag-attached collateral can be easily detected and administered by a creditor's agent equipped with a RFID reader. After the agent regularly or on creditor's demand wanders about the factory with a RFID reader pointed at the designated collateral, he will enable the creditor to check any missing or inconsistent collateral based upon the registration data by providing the real time status quo information. Of course, any interested person may request search or other inquiries of the registration data including the presence of senior security interests or any other encumbrance through the Internet.

Therefore, the writer is proposing a draft "Act on the Exceptional Treatment of Corporate Collateral Assets" and the Enforcement Decree thereof, whose gists are as follows:
   - An electronic identification tag may be attached to, or embedded in, a movable property including machinery, equipment, inventory, etc. of such a legal entity as a company (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "corporate movables"). The specified data shall be electronically conveyed to the official registry subject to the examination of the filing officer, and notified to the public. At the moment, the electronic identification tag means a RFID tag or other advanced device in view of technological neutrality as well as technological and economic appropriateness;
  - The creation, change and extinction of the security interest on the corporate movables by means of a legal action shall be effective subject to the proper registration thereof;
  - The claim secured by the corporate movables shall cover any claim that can be comprehensively specified, future claims, conditional claims and other claims recognized by a certain foreign law;
  - If the electronic identification tag on the collateral is removed or stalled for any reason, the security interest on such collateral shall not prevail over the right of an innocent acquirer with no fault;
  - The transitional measures of this proposed Act include the preservation of priority of the security interest on the corporate movables which were once listed in the registry of the Factory Mortgage but now electronic identification tags are attached thereto subject to the creation of a new security interest and the deletion of former listings in such registry;
  - A certificate of registration regarding the corporate movables may be issued upon the application therefor; and
  - The government or government agencies may support the establishment of on-line/off-line second-hand machinery exchanges, including e-Marketplace in the cyberspace, the creation of consolidated databases of corporate movables, and the operation of a bad bank which is willing to purchase unsold collateral items from security holders.